HUMAN GROWTH & BEHAVIOR AIM & OBJECTIVE OF THE COURSE:

The aim of the course is to enable the graduates of social work not only comprehend the personality structure of their client in practice of Social work, but also interpret the personality dynamics both normal and abnormal of the client while working as team member in psychiatric settings.
The course is designed to give the students background knowledge of the stages of normal growth of an individual. The concept of psycho-social development and the psychological dynamics that influence his life patterns with special emphasis on some basic assumptions about human behavior and motivation due emphasis is also given on the environmental influences and the rule of significant people responsible frog the socialization of the individual. It further gives an insight to the students about the development and functioning of human mind. Its adoptive patterns and mechanisms of defense of ego and the proper ways through which these can be resolved.
To give the students knowledge about patterns and dynamics of human growth and development.
To study the concept of psycho-social development of human being while highlighting the factors that influence and are cause and consequences of normal structure of the personality development in this context.
Give insight about the psychological dynamics of problems at different age level.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
AIMS
The purpose of the course is to equip the students with theoretical and conceptual approaches to the gender issues in the context of development. These issues are placed in the context of the emergence of the women in development / gender and development field. It also provides an overview of social theories of development and introduces the students to key concepts in the analysis of social relations between women and men in different social, cultural, economic and political context to explore gendered dimensions of different development sectors. These might include rural livelihoods and the rural environment, reproductive health and right urban employment and the informal sector etc, the national and international legal provisions for women rights as well.
OBJECTIVES
The course is designed:
To equip the students with conceptual skill needed to understand gender issues in the context of social development.
To examine the nature of gender inequality, the household as a construct and reviewing concepts of power and empowerment.
1. GENDER RELATED KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS
2. GENDER ROLES
3. GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
4. GENDER DISPARITY AS AN IMPEDIMENT  TO DEVELOPMENT
5. STATUS OF WOMEN
6. GENDER ANALYSIS AND MAINSTREAMING IN THE PROJECT CYCLE

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AIMS

The course is aimed to equip student with understanding & insight into nature & types of communities. It will enable students to apply professional community development and organization skills techniques, methods & approaches to organize and develop communities for their betterment and to bring about social change.
OBJECTIVES:
The course is designed to enable the students for making a critical analysis of the socio-economic & culture conditions of the community.
To help students learn basic concepts involved in community development & organization and the method of intervention for betterment of the communities.
To enable the students to acquire the skills required for the identification of community needs & problems and develop workable intervention strategies best suited to the local conditions of the community.
CONTENTS:
A. COMMUNITY
1 Definition, meaning of community sociological criteria of a good community .
2 Types of community and characteristics of each.
B. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
I Concept of community organization
1 Definition scope and purpose of community organization
2 Goals of community organization
3 Related concepts.
a) Community development
b) Community development planning
c) Social police and action.
d) Social reforms and social controls
II HUMAN FACTORS IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
a) Motivation for social change
b) Basic human needs their satisfication and frustration
c) Personality leadership and its role in community.
d) Characteristics of rural and urban communties.
e)  Community organization at local and national level.
III Role of Provincial and national council of Social Welfare.
IV Non government organizations, their structure and functions.
V Rural Community Development programes in Pakistan.
C. Community Development
1. Definition and scope of community development.
2. Community organization and development similarities and differences.
3. Working definition of community development.
a. Community Services
b. Community participation
I. Community Development : Concept, Principles and Methods.
a) Definition, Philosophy, and concept of community development.
b) Scope of community development.
c) Social, Political and Economic implications of Community Development and its role in national development.
d) Principles of community development.
e) Different approaches in community development.
 II. Organization and administration of community Development Programme.
Rural and Urban Community Development similarities and Differences Nature and Scope.
Communication and Co-ordination in Community Development.
Stimulation of Voluntary Action and Development of Local Leadership.
Community Services
Community participation
III. PRINCIPLE AND TECHNIQUES OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Step initiating community development through project planning and implementing programmes.
Committee types functions principles and importance of working with committees.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

Research comes in many shapes and sizes. Before a researcher begins to conduct a study he or she must decide on specific type of research. Good researcher understand the advantages and disadvantages or each type.
For classification of research we shall look from four dimension:
1. The purpose of doing research;
2 . The intended uses of research;
3. How it treats time the time dimension in research and
4. The research data collection techniques used in it.

PURPOSE OF DOING RESEARCH

a. Exploratory/ Formularize Research
b. Descriptive Research
c. Explanatory Research

a.  EXPLORATOYR / FORMULATIVE RESEARCH
You may be exploring a new topic or issue in order to learn about it if the issue was new or the researcher has written little on it you began at the beginning. This is called exploratory research the research goal is to formulate more precise questions that future research can answer
Exploratory research may be the first stage in sequence of studies. A researcher may need to know enough to design and execute a second more systematic and extensive study.
When a researcher has limited knowledge about a research issue exploratory  research is useful preliminary step that helps ensure that a more rigorous more conclusive future study will now begin with an inadequate understanding of the nature of the management problem.
Exploratory research rarely yields definitive answer it addresses the what question what is this social activity really about it is difficult to conduct because there are few guidelines to follow. Specifically there could be a number of goals of exploratory research.
Exploratory researcher are creative open minded flexible adopt an investigative stance and explore all sources of information.
Exploratory researchers frequently use qualitative to using as range of evidence and discovering new issues.
For example research on AIDS, for the first time around 1980 illustrates exploratory research. At that time no one knew what type of disease it was, or even it was a disease. No one knew what caused it, how it spread and why it appeared.
 GOALS OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH:
1. Become familiar with the basic facts, people and concerns involved.
2. Develop a well-grounded mental picture of what is occurring.
3. Generate many ideas and develop tentative theories and conjectures.
4. Determine the feasibility of doing additional research.
5. Formulate questions and refine issues for more systematic inquiry.
6. Develop techniques and a sense of direction for future research.

SOCIAL WORK WITH GROUPS AND THE COMMUNITY

             


The baccalaureate [BSW] social worker development beginnig compertency in working with groups and the community as partr of the BSW educaltional program. Accredited BSW programs require coursework in both theory and practice in working with groups and in the community. Many opportunities exist for work with groups and the community exist fro work wht group and the community at the BSW level. Agencies such as family services, hostital, correctional centers, mental health agencies, program that work with disabled persons, schoold social services, youth organizations, and a variety of related service delivery organization use group and community practice methodlogies . It should also be nothed that social workers with MSW degrees are also often employed as community organization workers, sometimes specializing in that area as a field of practice. At this level they mau serve as asministrators of state or federal programs, department heads in a city’s human services division or directors of agencies.
Social work with groups and social work with the community are social work methods that promote the personal growth of individual members group work and enhance the capacity of the community to better serve the needs of its diverse members community practice. Goups may be indentified by their purpose recreational recreation skill educational socialization encounter, self-help and therapy. Community change efforts are facilitated  through social action social palnning and community development approaches. In all the these members of the group or community establish goal and objectives and the facilitator helps the memebers achieve and the facilitator helps the members achieve their goals. Democratic decision making is important to the process. Monitoring and evaluation are major activites used to help the group and community achieve their goals and to enrich practice mehtod
KEY TERMS
Broker     : natural group
Community       : recreation group
Community       : recreation skill group
Development     : self-help group
Educationla group enable    :   social action social palnning
Encounter group     : socialization group
Group       : therapeutic group
Group work
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1 Discuss the similarities and dissimilarties of natureal and organized groups.  The continual reform of state hospitals and the development of alternative systems of care.
THE INTRODUCTION OF PSYCHOALALYSIS
What had been described as the second revolution in the mental health field occurred in the early 1900s with the writings of sigmund  Freud and introduction of psychoanalysis in the United States. Professional metal health workers trained in Freud’s techniques attempted to gain cooperation communication wit patients, seeing them at regular intervals over long periods of time.

POVERTY

                                                                     



“The greatness disease in the West today is not TB or leprosy, it is being unwanted, unloved and uncared for. We can cure physical diseases with medicine, but the only cure for loneliness, despari and hopelessness is love. There are many in the world who are dying for a piece of bread but thesre are many more dying for a little love. The poverty in west is a different kind of poverty—it is not only a poverty of loneliness but also of spirituality. There’s a hunger for love, as there is a hunger for God.”
MOTHER TERESA, A SIMPLE PATH: MOTHER TERESA
You migth be poor, your shoes might be broken, byt your mind is a palace.”
POVERTY IS
It is a multifaceted concept
It is a state
It is a social problem
It is an economic problem
Which includes social, economic and political. Elements. Poverty may be define as either absolute or relative. Absolute Poverty or destitution refers to the lack or means necessary to meet basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter
DEFINTION OF POVERTY
A statee or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of life and well-being that’s considered acceptable in society. Poverty status in the Uniteed States is assigned to people that do not meet a certain thredhold level set by the Department of Health and Human Services.
UN DEFINATION
As the total absence of opportunities, accompanied by high level of undernourishment, illiteracy, lack of education, physhical and mental ailments, emotional and social instability, unhappiness, sorrow and hopelessness for the future. Poverty is also charachterized by a chronic shortage of economics, social and political participation, relegating individuals to exclusion as social beings, preventing access to the benetfits of ecnonomics and social development and thereby limiting their cultural developmetn
The world Bank defines poverty in absolute terms.
The band define extreme poverty as living on less than US$1.25 per day ppp and moderate poverty as less then $2 a day. It has been estimated that in 2014 1.4 billion people had consumption level below US$1.25 a day and 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a day.
Nearly a quarter of people in the world are living in absolute poverty.
Definitions of Absolute Poverty
ABSOLUTE POVERTY refers to a conditons where a person does not have the minimum amount of income needed to meet the minimum requirments for one or one or more basic living needs over an extended period of time. This includes things like:

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL WORK

This course lays foundation for student to understand social work knowledge, practice and profession. It is designed to impart knowledge of philosophical value base of social work in students along with Islamic philosophy and social work. Course will throw light on traces of historical development of the profession discussing British and American tradition and then its growth as profession in Pakistan. There will also be a discussion on social work practice,
1. SOCIAL WORK
Definition key concepts and detailed discussion on definition
Objective/purpose of social work
Knowledge base of social work
Relationship of social work with other social sciences
Social work practice approaches
Qualities of social worker
Role of social workers
2. SOCIAL WELFARE
Definition and discussion on definition
Relationship between and social welfare
Introduction of welfare models
3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
Knowledge base of social work
Skills base of social work
Value base of social work
Code of ethics in social work practice
4. ISLAMIC CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL WORK
Islam and social work [common value base and philosophy]
socio-economic institutions in Islam
5. EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL WORK
Voluntary and professional social work [from charity to organized welfare activity]
Social work in the Western world Historical development of social work in pakistan
Voluntary social welfare agencies
6. SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMES AND SERVICES
7. FIELDS OF SOCIAL WORK
Social work with families
Social work with women
Social work with children
Social work with aged
Social work with youth
Social work with special populations
Social work with handicapped
Social work with juvenile delinquents/correctional services
8. ISSUE IN SOCIAL WORK
Recognition
Sanctions
Training
Literature
Status
Control and standardization ofpractice
Professionalism
KNOWLEDGE OF SOCIAL PHENOMENA
Given their focus on the social functioning of people as an outcome of person-in-en-vironment interaction, social workers are especially concerned with interaction be-tween and among people and interactions between people and the system that de-liver social programs. Therefore they must understand social phenomena and the various levels of perons-in-environment interaction. As described in Chapter I, each level varles in interpersonal intensity and clonseness. In addition to understanding the interrelatedness of the various system levels must understand the individual person, for which a knowledge of physical and psy-chological development is es-sential. The social worker must also understand families and otjher households. The family has long been a dominant point of intervention for social workers, and knowledge of family dynmics is critically important.

COMPONENTS ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL CASE WORK

   



H.H. Perlman defines case work as, “a process used by certain human welfare agencies to help individuals to cope more effectively with problems in social functioning”. She adds that the nucleus of the case work event in this: “A person with a problem comes to a place where a professional representative helps him by a given process”. Thus, by this statement, elements or components of case work can be said as:
1. Person
2. Problem
3. Place
4. Process- casework intervention
5. Professional representative
1. Person
In social case work, any individual with problem is focus of attention. A person can be anyone – a man, woman, (even a she male), a child, etc. who is actually in some difficulty a problem which he /she cannot solve without some help. In technical language of case work such person is referred as “client”. He may voluntarily come, or may be referred to the agency by some other institutions.
One of the basic assumptions of social case work is that each individual is different from others, even two identical twins cannot have same personalities inspire of having same ancestors, social background and familial relations. Therefore, while studying a client, a case worker must remember that:
2. The Problem
The problem is a situation, event or anything which impairs the normal functioning of the individual and makes him handicapped. Problems arise from some needs or accumulation of frustration or maladjustment, and some times all of these together. Paul B. Horton says that a problem is a situation which exists anywhere, any and effects any person. When these hurdles are there, the individuals are become conscious of it and try to find out a solution. Sometimes the problems solved by one’s own efforts but sometime he needs external help. That external help is given by social worker at individual, group and community level.
3. The Place
The place may be a social service agency, department, or human welfare agency, which provides psycho- social services or any other aid to the client with the help of a social worker. An agency embodies a society’s decision to protect its members against social breakdown, to prevent their maladjustment and/or to promote the development of better or higher levels or human functioning. The complete process of case work is influenced by objectives, function, policies and resources of the egency.
4. The Process
The process is a progressive transaction between the professional helper (case worker) and the client. It consists of a series of problem-solving operations carried on within a meaningful relationship. It is the intervention stage in which case worker initiates the formal procedure of helping the client.
A client may have several dynamic problems. Besides, sometimes problem may lie within the person. Thus, intent of the case work process is to engage the person himself, both in working on and in coping with the one or several problems that confront him.
5. Professional representative – the Case Worker:
After client, Case worker is the most significant component of case work process, as helping process of client cannot be initiated without him. He acts as a liaison between case work agency and the client, because of his capabilities, he/she is referred as change agent in social work profession. Therefore, while describing case work safrad has explained social work as a method conditioned with social worker.
According to safrad, “Socials Case Work is a method employed by a social worker to help individual, find a solution of their problem of social adjustment which they are unable to handle in a satisfactory way by their own effort.”

SUBJECT MATTER OF SOCIAL CASE WORK WORKING WITH INDIVIDUALS

   



Social case work addresses the multiple, complex transaction between individuals and their environment. Its mission is to enable all people to develop their full potential, enrich their lives, and prevent dysfunction. On bases of these parameters, Grace Mathew has explained two major goals of casework service as:
Rendering help to cope with the problem which the client cannot handle unaided and
Enhancing the operation of clients ego tontines whereby he moves towards greater ability in handling his/her life and problems. The two goals are interlinked, or to be more precise, the second goal stipulated the special manner in which the first goal help for problem solving should be achieved
Social case work is a unique method of problem-solving. The uniqueness of this method from the other methods of social work is that it focuses on the individuals. Social case work is all about the basic unit of society-the individual. It helps and an individual to solve his psycho-social problems. Here the social worker is concerned with individual problem only. Here interventions come at the individual level. Professionally trained Social worker help a client with particular problems. It is concerned with the adjustment and development of the individual towards more satisfying human relationship.
According to Bowers, “Social casework is an art in which knowledge of the science of human relations and skills in human relationships are used to mobilize capacities in the individual and resources in the individual and resources in the community, appropriate to better adjustment between the client and all or any part of his total environment.” And to achieve these targets, Social case work had four components—person, problem, place and process.
The subject matter of social case work is thus an individual with unique circumstances. However, the individual is not understood as a biological entity just like is medical science. Rather in social work profession generally and in social case work domain specifically, individual can be any person [ regardless of his/her affiliations] with a problems having difficulties in social functioning.
Social case work believes that society’s betterment is dependent on the better social functioning of individuals in their social environment. As Mary Richmond elaborated the subject matter of case work as, Processes which develop personality through adjustment consciously effected, individual by individual by individual, between men and their social environment.”
“In a society that draws strength from the respect and the consequent contributions of individual, it should not be surprising that a regard for the peculiar meaning with experience has for the individual had led to the development of unique process which had come to be known as social case work.”

DEFINITION OF ‘FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

                             




An economic term to describe the inputs that are used in the production of good or services in the attempt to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.
Economic resources are the goods or services available to individuals and businesses used to produce valuable consumer products.
The classic economic resources include land, labor and capital. Entrepreneurship is also considered an economic resource because individuals are responsible for creating businesses and moving economic resurces in the business environment infect the factors of production describe the function that each resource performs in the business environment.

Resources required for generation of goods or services, generally classified into four major group:
1.  Land (including all natural resources),
2. Labor (including all human resources),
3. Capital (including all man-made resources),
4. Enterprise (which brings all the previous resources together for production).
These factors are classified also as management, machines, materials, and money. More recently, knowledge has come to be recognized as distinct from labor, and as a factor of production in its right.
Land
Land is the economic resource encompassing natural resources found within a nation’s economy. This resource includes timber, land, fisheries, farms and other similar natural resources.
Land is usually a limited resource for many economies. Although some natural resources, such as timber, food and animals, are renewable, the physical land is usually a fixed resource.
Nations must carefully use their land resource by creating a mix of natural and industrial uses. Using land for industrial purposes allows nations to improve the production processes for turning natural resources into consumer goods.
Land includes all natural physical resources – e.g. fertile farm land, the benefits from a temperate climate or the harnessing of wind power and solar power and other forms or renewable energy.
Some nations are richly endowed with natural resources and then specialize in the their extraction and production – for example – the high productivity of the vast expanse of farm land in the United States and the oil in Alberta, Canada. Other countries such as Japan are heavily reliant on importing these resources.
Labor
Labor is the human input into production e.g. the supply of workers available and their productivity.
An increase in the size and the quality of the labor forces is vital if a country wants to achieve growth. In recent years the issue of the migration of labor has become important. Can migrant workers help to solve labor shortages? What are the long-term effects on the countries who suffer a drain or loss of workers through migration?
Labor represents the human capital available to transform raw or national resources into consumer goods. Human capital includes all able-bodied individuals capable or working in the nation economy and providing various services to other individuals or businesses.
This factor of production is a flexible resource as workers can be allocated to different areas of the economy for producing consumer goods or services.

SKILL IN SOCIAL CASE WORK

                                 



Social case work requires professional skills in dealing with the client  and enabling him to secure satisfactory social and personal balance. It is believed that the following factors are essential for the development of skill in social work.
Knowledge Of Human Growth and Development
Great nfluence on the personality ground of the individual. If the case worker is to understand the client in his entire he must have a knowledge of the interpersonal relationship.
Interviewing Process
Development of skill in social case work practice requires knowledge in the interviewing process. It is through the interviewing that the worker can get first hand knowledge about the client and his problem, either from the client or his associates. It is through interviewing that the case worker can go beyond the external behavior of the client and entire into his inner life. If he is successful interviewer, he can know many things about the client’s problem and his reaction to it by analyzing his mode of talking, answering, gestures and even silence at particular points.
Use of Resources
The development of skill in social work depends to a great extent on the case worker’s knowledge of the resource so the client, of the agency and of the community at large.
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL CASE WORK
In social case work process, a social worker has to deal with number of persons having problems of different nature. As the person’s behavior dynamic nature. Therefore to solve their problems, case worker has adopt different approaches and methods depending upon the uniqueness the situation. Because of this variation between the nature of the problems, there are some well recognized general techniques which provides enough guidance to every case worker in solving the problems.
These techniques  are called the principles or methods of social case work. These principle, are defined as;
“The principles are those well recognized general techniques, which provides enough guidance to social worker in solving the problems”.
These principles are referred as;
1. Principle of request
2. Principle of acceptance
3. Principle of communication
4. Principle of confidentiality
5. Principle of individuality
6. Principle of participation
7. Principle of self determination
8. Principle of responsibility
9. Principle of self awareness
1.   Principle of Request
In fact, the case work process start, from this principle, which is the first professional contact between the cast worker and the client.
2.   Principle of Acceptance
“Acceptance means to accept the client with all his deficiencies and draw backs as a person with a problem”.
This rapport of mutual understanding helps enough to solve the problems of the client.
3.   Principle of Communication
In social case work, communication refers to the mutual exchange of ideas between the client and the case worker. When a client approaches the case worker to seek help. The case worker is not completely acquainted with the client and his problems. He can only understand the client through by the exchange of ideas and feeling through mutually through communication.

MICRO AND MACRO ECONOMICS MICROECONOMICS

Microeconomics is the study of decision that people and businesses make regarding the allocation of resources and prices and goods and services. This means also taking into account taxes  and regulations created by governments. Microeconomics focuses on supplyand and other forces that determine the price levels seen in the economy. For example, microeconomics would look at how a specific company could maximize its production and capacity so it could lower prices and better compete in its industry. (Find out more about microeconomics in How does government policy impact microeconomics?
Microeconomics’ rules flow from a set of compatible laws and theormens, rather than beginning with empirical study.
MACROECONOMICS
Macroeconomics, on the other hand, is the field of economics that studies the behavior of the economy as a whole and not just on specific companies, but entire industries and economics.
This looks at economy-wide phenomena, such as Gross National Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels.
For example, macroecocomics would look at how an increase/decrease in net exports would affect a nation’s capital account or how GDP would be affected by unemployment rate.
John Maynard Keynes is often credited with founding macroeconomics.
He started the use of monetary aggregates to study broad phenomena; some economists reject his theory and many of those who use it disagree about how to interpret it.
While these two studies of economics appear to be different, they are actually interdependent and complement one another since there are many overlapping issues between the two fields.
For example, increased inflation (macro effect) would cause the price of raw materials to increase for compnies and in turn affect the end product’s price charged to the public.
The bottom line is that microeconomics takes a bottoms-up approach to analyzing the economy while macroeconomics takes a top-down approach. Microeconomics tries to understand human choices and resource allocation, and macroeconomics trheis to answer such question as “What should the rate of inflation be?” or “What stimulates economics growth?”
Regardless, both micro- and macroeconomics provide fundamental tools for any finance professional and should be studied together in order to fully understand how companies operate and earn revenues and thus, how an entire economy is managed and sustained.
Economics is spilt between analysis f how the overall economy works and how single markets functions.
Physicists look at the big world of planets stars, galaxies, and gravity.

DIFFERENT SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS IN ECONOMICS

Economics is a social science which studies and explains human behavior. But economics is a new social science as compared to other social sciences.
Before 18th century economics was treated as part of Political Science, Ethics and Religion. The 18th century classical economists developed it as a separate social science. Economics is a science in the sense that the economists aim to develop theories of human behavior and to test them against the facts.
It is customary to begin elementary economic theory with a definition of economics. Nothing, however, is settled by definition. A wide subject like economics cannot be restricted to a boundary fixed by definition.
Economics extends to the subjects covered and methods used by the economists. Similarly, it also suggests that boundary of economics changes of the range of subject covered by  economist’s changes.
Definitions Of Economics
The economics science has been differently defined by different economists. Each definiti8ons lays stress on particular aspect of aspect of economics activities. The definitions of economics can be classified into three parts for convenience. They are wealth definition, welfare definition and scarcity.
Criticism
Too much emphasis on wealth
This definition gives much more emphasis on wealth rather than the human beings.
Wealth is only to fulfill the man wants therefore definition must emphasized in human beings then the study of wealth.
Narrow view of wealth.
According to this definition wealth included only the material goods and excludes the nonmaterial goods such as Services of doctor’s, engineers, bankersetc.
Importance to human welfare
This definition doesn’t gives more importance to human welfare. This definition only gives the importance to the accumulation of wealth. It should also pay more attention to the aspect of human welfare.
DEMERITS OF MARSHALL’S DEFINITION.
NARROW SCOPE:-
According to this definition economics is concerned only with those activities which promote only material welfae and it has uncessarily narrowed the scope of economics.
NON MATERIAL SERVICES IGNORED:-
It ignores the non-material services like the services of teacher which has an important contribution to economics welfare.
NOT CLEAR
The distinction made in this definition between ordinary business of life is not clear.
SOCIETY IS DISCUSSED ONLY:-
According to this definition economics deal with persons living only in society. It ignores others who may also have an economic problem.
CONCEPT OF WELFARE DIFFERS:
There is no unanimity about the concept of welfare. Ideas about welfare very from time to time place to place and person to person.
UN MEASURABLE CONCEPT:-
The measurement of welfare is not possible. Once person cannot explain that how much quantity of welfare he has received after spending 5$ on cinema ticket.
WEALTH CONCEPT IS NOT CLEAR:-
Prof. Marshall has not explained the meaning of wealth clearly.
LIMITED CONCEPT OF WEALTH CONSUMPTION:-
Man spends his income on two kinds of necessities. Some are materialistic while the other are non-materialistic. But according to this definition non materialistic necessities are out of subject.
QUESTION OF LIKES AND DISLIKES:-
Prof. Robbins says that this definition creates the question of likes and dislikes and we are bound to do only those actions which are helpful in the material welfare.

SOCIAL CASE WORK PROCESS

Social Case Work process is a progressive tranction between the professional helper [CASE WORKER] and the client. It consists of a series of problem-sloving operations carried on within a meaningful relationship. Case work processs consists of following stages/steps/phases:
Pshchosocial study
Diagnosis
Treatment
Termination
Evaluation
All these stages are interwoven like threads, therefore are inseparable and continue to be overlapped througout the social casework process. Social worker by using their capabilities logically place these phase in order. Because, practically these steps are not performed in sequence, and Gordon Hamilton said they are woven in and out, one process paralleling another. For her, Intervention or treatment being with the first contact. Similarly, according to hereself, and to make changes in or her life situation resulting this understanding.
Let us examine these stage:
SOCIAL STUDY/STUDY [PSYCHO-SOCIAL INVERSTIGATION]
Social study in case work means acquiring facts. It is an exhaustive collection of facts about the client and his situation. Study is the foundation upon which the various other helping phases are built. It help to explore the actual problems and social realities of the client and their environment. It is also a crucial stage because the client makes the important decision of whether to enter into the treatment.
It begin with “Intake” and “Rapport building” when client presents the problem and applies for help to the agency. Case worker with the help of different tools collects information regarding the client and his broblem According to Richmond [1917] the case worker must secure all and every fact that taken together, through logical and inferential, would reveal the clients personality ahnd his situation for appropriate intervention [treatment]. The essential functions of the worker are to facilitate the client to participate and interact in the process.
The social case worker studies the following facts:
Case History
Nature of the probles
Client’s feelings and reactions
Client’s efforts to solves particular problems
Social conditions
In the course of studying the client in his situation the case worker is able to make initial assessment for diagnosis of the client’s current, relevant past and possible future modes of adaptation to stressful situations and to related normal living situationss. It requires the analysis of social, psychological and biological determinants of the client’s current stressful situation.
Perlman has given following contents of case work study:
The nature of problem
The cause onset and precipitants of problem
The efforts made to cope with problem
The nature of solution or ends sought from case work agency
The actual nature of agency and its problem solving means in relation to client and his problem.

“SOCIAL CASE WORK”

Social case work:
Social Case work, a primary method of social work, is concerned with the adjustment and development of individual towards more satisfactory human relation. Human cannot live in isolation. Their families, economis systems, social institutions, cultures and better relations with other in different groups help in their social development.
But adjustment and development of an individual depend on use of available resources by him and within him. Sometimes due to certain factores, internal or external he/she fail to avail existingh facilities. In such situatin social casework by using different resources, both material and human helps him.
Technically speaking is Social work language, individual with problem is referred to as as Client and the worker who helps him s referred as Case worker.
Casework is the oldest and the most developed method of solving individual’s problems and improving his social relations. Social Casework deals with individual problems through one to one relationship whichis guided by professional knowledge of the social case worker attempts to repair the impaired relationship of the client with his social environment. In other words, Social case work cab be said of Micro Level practice of social work.
Through this method the case worker discovers different aspects of the clients problems, prepares and appropriate treatment plan and finally with professional knowledge in social relationship tries to bring about necessary changes in the attitude and behaviour of the client of the client in favour of his own growth and development.
Definitions of Social casework
Social casework is concerned with individual and his adjustment to life and general social wlefare. However, it does not concentrate on individual to the exclusion of social factors. In other words the basic objective of social casework is to promote social welfare with basic focus on individuals.
Mary Richmond [1915]
“social case work may be defined as the art of doing different things for and with different people by cooperating with them to achieve at one and the same time their own and society’s betterment.”
Taylor [1926]
Social case work is a process concerned with the understanding of individuals as whole personalities and with the adjustment of these to socially healthy lives.
OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL CASE WORK
To understand and solve the internal problems of the individula.
To strengthen his ego power.
Remediation of his problems in social functioning.
Prevention of his problems in social functioning on micro level.
Development of resources to enhance his social functioning.

"ECONOMICS THE EVOLUTION"

                    

The word economy is derived from two Greek roots: Oikia, house; nomos, rule. The economy is about the good regulation of a house, of order in the use of the good of the house.

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-barter economy

A barter economy is a cashless economic system in which services and goods are traded at negotiated rates. Barter-based economics are one of the earliest, predating monetary system and even recorded history. 

-coins  :

The history of coins extends from ancient times to the present, and is related to economic, the history of minting technologies, the history shown by the history of minting technologies, the history shown by the The images of coins, and the history of coin collecting. Coins are still widely used for monetary and other purposes

Advertisement, mela, thela, fair

Muslims contribution

The branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption and transfer of wealth that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth.

In the 19^th century economics was the hobby of gentlemen of leisure and the vocation of a few academics; economists wrote about economics policy but were rarely consulted by legislators before decisions were made.

Today there is hardly a government, international agency, or lager commercial band that does not have its own staff of economists.

Many of the world’s economists devote their time to teaching economics in 

colleges and universities around the world, but most work in various research or advisory capacities, either for themselves [ in economics consulting firms],  in industry, or in government.

Still others are employed in accounting, commerce, marketing, and business administration; although they are trained ad economists, their occupational expertise falls within other fields. Indeed, this can be considered “the age of economists,” and the demand for their services seems insatiable.

Supply responds to that demand, and in the United States alone some 400 institutions of higher learning grant about 900 new Ph.D.’s in economics each year.

Economy and Society :

Economy refers to the ways people use and interact with their environment to meet their needs. Economy includes how goods are produced, exchanged, distributed, and consumed.

The economy is an important aspect of society, and as the economy had evolved over time, societies have, too.

This lesson will walk you through the evolution of economy from the agricultural revolution through the postindustrial era. We will look specifically at how technology and settlement changes have impacted the economy.